Demographic. Demographic dynamics in San MIguel de Allende.

Demographic dynamics and plan of population 2002 in the municipality of San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Mexico. Mejía Bocanegra, Georgina; Morals Tirado, Arturo; Pérez Mendoza, Ithamar; et al.
San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, September of the 2002
Municipal Council of population 2002.
President: Lic. Oscar Thin Stream, Municipal President . • Secretary: Lic. Jose Garci'a Beltrán, Secretary of the H. City council. • Technical secretary: Ing. Germa'n Ramirez Mayor, Director of Social and Rural Development. Advisors: - Dra. Georgina Mejía Bocanegra, Secretariat of Health of Guanajuato. - Mrs. Courteous Stream Socorro, Director of the DIF - Ing. Arturo Morales Thrown, Environment Director and Ecology. - Mrs. Irma Rooms, Director of C.A.S.A.A.C. - Teacher Sylvia Van DijK, Director of F.A.I., A.C. - Lic. Francisco Javier Ramirez Agundis, U.S.A.E.G. - Dr. Ramon Chiquete, Regidor of the H. City council. - Dra. Ma. Guadalupe Torres M., Representing of the COESPO Gto. Prologue. The sustainable Development of the Municipality of Allende, Guanajuato, cannot be understood without the foundation to know and to include/understand the dynamics of human population in he himself. It is for that reason that in the processes of sustainable planning of economic, social, cultural and ecological the activities of government, of the municipality, the Municipal Plan of Population must of being a permanent datum point, as much for its sustenance and definition of strategies, like for its constant evaluation. Introduction. Organized Mexico this political and administratively in a federal governmental system which is based on the participation of three you order of government: the federal, state and the policeman. Historically to existed a strong centralization of economic, political, social and cultural the life, reason why many of the times as much the decision making for the actions of government, as the definition of programs and development plans have come, almost of exclusive way, of the capital of the country, which has left spaces extremely reduced, and sometimes null, for the participation of the states and the local governments. The efforts to attack the causes and the effects of the excessive centralization in which the country was developed from half of the last century, go back in the middle of the Seventies. In different occasions, programs have been tried political and to fortify or to reanimate the intergovernmental relations based on the federal system that consecrates the political constitution of the Mexican United States. The population policy has not been isolated of this effort of decentralization and, from the constitution of the state advice of population in 1984, it has come advancing in the incorporation from the regional particularitities to the demographic planning and in the fortification of the participation of the local authorities within the framework of the strategy raised in the national program of population 1995-2000, reason why the National Council of Population made an effort to increase the participation of the state and municipal governments with strict attachment to the respect of his autonomy. In demographic matter, from 1974 it is counted in Mexico with the general law of population, in which it seats the central intention of the national policy of population and the creation of the National Council of Población (CONAPO) like person in charge of the demographic planning of the country settles down from 1977, year in which conapo I elaborate the first national program of population. One of the main challenges of the population policy has been to establish the bases for the creation and the fortification of the Municipal Councils of Población (COMUPO), in order to manage that the planning of the municipal development incorporates the demographic elements, at the same time to cause the citizen participation as important support for the diffusion of the education and taking of conscience of the society in the matter of population.
Within this strategy it is identified to the municipality like the first instance of the citizens to demand the satisfaction of its basic necessities and like the suitable space where they must come together the planning, the intersectorial action and the social participation. As of 1998 the State Council of Población (COESPO) of our organization has occurred to the task of impelling the conformation and the fortification of the Municipal Councils of Population, the instance of the municipal government destined to coordinate efforts to identify and to take care of problematic the demographic premises and to orient to the sectors in the decision making; Instance where representations of the sector come together I publish, private and social which they interact in thematic the population ones, whose primary target is to impel the integration of the demographic criteria to the planning of the economic and social development in the municipality and to increase the impact of actions of education in population towards the communities. In the passage of this experience of joint work they have been adapted the state strategies to the own necessities of each locality, at the same time have come recovering the contributions of each municipality, benefitting with it to the rest of the localities and purifying therefore the operative process of COMUPO' s. From the date before mentioned, to this moment, the approval of the city councils for the conformation of its COMUPO' s in 21 municipalities has been obtained, of which they are installed and operating 13 regularly. In our municipality the conformation of the Municipal Council of Population was made for the first time the 26 of April of year 2002. They participate in the social and governmental representations related to the population subjects (to see directory in this same document). The dependencies that conformed the Commission of I diagnose sesionaron arduously with the purpose of reuniting and to define the statistical data which they would make possible the establishment of I diagnose the population premises. As resulting from this effort, the Municipal Council of Population has drafted the present document, whose purpose is to support the diffusion and the taking of social conscience with respect to the population subjects in the locality, as well as the high-priority challenges to take care of in the medium term, which made possible the generation of an operative program of interinstitutional action that reditúe benefits to its population and helps in the improvement of the quality of life and local coexistence; this the intention is and upper desire of the present work that is to disposition of all the interested ones in the population subject.
Antecedents National Plan of Population 11 of July of the 2002 The life expectancy of 102,4 million of Mexican is of 76,2 years, which delay are increased to 77,9 years in the 2006, date in which the country will have 107,6 million inhabitants Mexican that lives more time, than they have less children and than they use more contraceptives. This it is the scene. The inequality of the conditions of life that there is in the country imposes One of the main challenges: to reduce of to 1,4 1,7 percents the annual rate of growth of the Mexican population. The same disparity appears in the natality indices. For example, in 290 dispersed rural municipalities by all the country the women have in average four children, although the national rate is of 2,4, and sexenio In the 2005 is hoped by the end of to reduce it to 2,1, to reach a level of fecundity of 2,1 With the fulfillment of that goal that we have paid attention, we will be able to take care of the demands of health, education, use, house of more better than 107 million of Mexican. Vicente Fox. In the matter of contraceptives, the program emphasizes that at the present time the 70 percent of the women in fertile age uses methods to prevent pregnancies, index that is hoped to increase to a 74 percent for the 2006. The effort in the countryside is due to multiply, because there only a 50 percent of the women has today access to contraceptive methods. Elena Zúñiga Herrera, informed that the program is based on eight specific objectives, of which emphasizes the vicious breaking out of an encirclement between poverty and I leave behind demographic, the anticipation to the social demands derived from the change in the structure by age and the impulse of a legal, worthy, safe and ordered system migratory with the United States. “Of not being applied the public policies necessary to improve the conditions of life of the population, the next Mexico decades one will become a country of old and poor.” Hiram Hernandez (Soc. Sociodemográfica).

Presidential speech Vicente Fox Pines 11 of Julio of the 2002 Extracts of the speech of President Vicente Fox in the First Ordinary Session of the National Council of Population 2002 and Presentation of the National Program of Population 2001-2006 In the beginning of century XXI it is a fact that we walked with firm step towards the stabilization of our demographic dynamics of long term. At the present time, the greater increase in the rate of population is concentrated in the marginalized zones. Unfortunately, this process does not go single, they accompany high indices by mortality and one accelerated destruction of the natural resources. For that reason, like it has been indicated here, one of the main challenges that we have as nation is to break the perverse circle between accelerated population increase, environmental degradation and poverty. The best way to surpass this challenge is fortifying the capacities and extending the opportunities of the families, specially, poorest. New social strategy which we have started up and that we are impelling aggressively, that is the strategy WITH You. In fact, the motto of the World-wide Day of the Population of 2002, that today we are celebrating, is indeed Action Against the Poverty: To harness, To protect, To educate. I mean to them also, that in Mexico today we have a weapon very important to surpass the inequalities and the marginalization. That weapon is what we have called the demographic bond that already was indicated here Another urgent challenge is to impel one better territorial distribution of the population. One of the crucial demographic challenges that we have is to improve the conditions of life and for protecting the rights of and the working emigrants, like its families, where she wants that they are. The fulfillment of its goals is a collective responsibility.

Diagnosis.
General demography:
The greater increase in the population occurred in the decade of 80s (42,60% of increase). We have duplicated the population in less than 30 years and we will duplicate it before the 2035 The tendency of last the 5 years (13,56%), says to us that in this decade we will grow 27%, reaching 167.102 inhabitants in 2010 A high number of population in productive state exists We tend to be a population with less infants and greater number of greater adults Tendency of greater number of women than men. New social and cultural relation of the social nuclei. Slight tendency to the cultural change by the women.

Fecundity:
The TFG in the municipality has diminished, mainly from 97 to 98. Nevertheless the TFG is 35,17% superior to the one of the State We are slightly underneath the state indices, nevertheless, Six of each 10 mothers (59,8%) are smaller of 30 years and 3,5 of each 10 are smaller of 25 years. While in the state, almost 6 of 10 women present/display prevalence in the use of contraceptive methods… in municipality only 3 of 10 they present/display prevalence in the use of contraceptive methods and the tendency has diminished from 1995 to 1998.

Mortality:
It lacks the comparative one in the State and against the national data For the analysis of tendencies the historical one of these cups is necessary The data by urban and rural zone and location of communities are not determined It does not exist a correlation between diseases of the liver and alcoholism It does not exist correlation between diseases of the liver and accidents congenital Malformations and chromosomic anomalies represent the second cause of infantile death. It does not exist chromosomic correlation between the congenital malformations and anomalies with number of children by mother, pregnancies in adolescents, age of the mother and father and endogamia. Lack to regionalizar the data. The acute respiratory infections are the main cause of prescholastic death The congenital malformations and chromosomic anomalies represent a problem of long term towards mortality or attention of by life many inhabitants, with the attention necessity to which they present/display the problem and to their near relatives or beings the accidents and the aggressions (homicides) are the main causes of death of children and adolescents in scholastic age. Lack to deepen in so that and to review tendencies. The correlation between diseases of the liver and the ingestion of spirits need Lack to regionalizar this situation of diseases of the liver, to sectorizar them and to differentiate them very socioeconomically. • Lack to correlate the diseases of the liver with accidents • Lack to regionalizar the problems of tumors by geographic area and productive activity does not exist correlation between mortality and nutrition of the adults Lack specificity on deaths by tumors (that class of tumors) Correlation between diabetes and habits of sugar consumption does not exist. In relation to the other municipalities, Beyond it has an average degree.

Migration:
Lack to specify plus the diagnosis in the matter of migration of urban countryside to and number of generated total migrantes of the municipality in relation to the State total. 6,5 emigrants by each 1000 residents of the municipality of Beyond exist (0,65%) We are below the state average of 7,07/1000 residents. We are in the second State place with 179 localities and 18,74% with respect to other localities. Said from another form, in the State of Guanajuato, 2 of each 10 migrantes they come from communities of the Municipality of Beyond.

Marginalization:
1 of each 6 adults greater to 15 years is illiterate. 2 of each 5 greater ones of 15 years did not complete their primary one. 1 of each 3 inhabitants occupies house without drainage or sanitary service. 1 of each 2 lives in localities smaller to 5,000. 1 of each 13 inhabitants occupies house without electrical energy. 1 of each 6 inhabitants occupies houses without tubed water. 1 of each 2 inhabitants occupies houses with some degree of hacinamiento. 1 of each 6 inhabitants occupies house with earth floor. Beyond it heads the contribution of PEA in the North - Northeast of the State. More than 2/3 parts of the population it is maintained by the Economically Active Population of the Municipality.

General missions of the municipal plan of population 2003.
To break the perverse circle between population increase and environmental deterioration. To obtain in the long term, stability in demographic dynamics. To reduce the increase in the rates of population of the marginalized zones. To reduce the mortality indices, mainly between the vulnerable groups and the accelerated degradation of the resources. To fortify the capacities and opportunities of the families of the Municipality. To order and to distribute the population territorially. To take care of and to improve the condition of life of the migrantes and its families. To involve to the three sectors of the population in the answer the demographic challenges of the Municipality. To make converge the Municipal Plan of Population with the Plan of Government and the Plan of Sustainable Development.

High-priority challenges (in 2003) to execute a municipal plan of population.
To establish in October of a 2002 program of activities to manage and to obtain before December of a 2002 Annual Operative Plan, like platform for a plan to 5 years in the 2003. To need the diagnosis the demographic dynamics of the Municipality, with the information partner - demographic of the rural communities. To project the next tendencies to future in the 25 years counting on alternating scenes (pessimistic and wished) To analyze sistémicamente population dynamics to define strategies and programs of short, medium and long term. To begin to spread the demographic information of the Municipality To manage before December of the 2002, the resources necessary to take care of the challenges in the matter of population. Monitorear permanently the demographic indices and to fit of cross-sectional way, the general policies of government.

Strategies (that considered in 2003 and they were never carried out).
Of October to November to determine the sources of diagnosis in the municipality To establish a cronogram to December in one first stage to collect information diagnoses, to order it, to analyze it and to generate tendencies. Of January to March of the 2003, to generate a minimum plan of population to 5 years. To establish a cronogram of activities and works to December of the 2002, giving exit to the strategies already raised in the works of the COMUPO

Propose actions (… in the 2003 and not carried out to date).
1. i) To establish goals and procedures to diminish the TFG in next the 5 years.
2. i) To foment activities in adolescents II) To extend the space between pregnancies.
3. i) Greater information II) more aggressive campaigns III) campaigns of financing to institutions that show to greater effectiveness in the promotion of contraceptive methods IV) Conflict with PROGRESSES V) Education and incentives.
4. i) to differentiate the data in rural and urban the II) to regionalizar the incidence of tumors in regions (use of pesticidas) III) to regionalizar the diabetes and diseases of heart IV) to correlate diseases of the heart with diabetes
5. i) Socioeconomic diagnoses of endogamia and censuses and diagnoses II) diffusion of this problematic one, III) approach with Human rights IV correlation of congenital malformations and chromosomic anomalies with other sociodemográficos indicators
6. i) To establish the correlation between diseases of the liver and the ingestion of spirits II) to regionalizar this situation of diseases of the liver, III) to sectoralizar them and IV) to differentiate them very socioeconomically. IV) To correlate the diseases of the liver with accidents v) To establish the transversalidad with the Subcommittee of Municipal Health I saw) regionalizar the problems of tumors by geographic area and vii) by productive activity
7. I) campaigns of nutricional education for adults and minors., II) not to neglect to groups of more than 60 years.
8. i) Diagnótico of migration by community, II) update of the census.
9. i) to identify in these communities the reasons of the migration, II) To identify the present motivations, III) the places of migration by community, IV) the centers of attraction to the migration and their processes, v) the supports and connections to make.

Specified actions:
1. i) To establish goals and procedures to diminish the TFG in next the 5 years. GOAL: To reduce the TFG (156.4), 11.57/anual: 2004 144,83 2005 133,26 2006 121,69 2007 110,12 2008 98.55
1. i) To establish goals and procedures to diminish the TFG in next the 5 years. PROCEDURE: Promotoría of the sector Health, DIF, DiDeSoR, clubs on watch, ONGs, secondary etc in groups of students of in periodic form (2 times by semester) Promotoría in groups of Promotoría opportunities and consejalía in the sector health To generate promotoría in all the centers of medical attention
2. i) To foment activities in adolescents in next the 5 years. PROCEDURE: Bimonthly information in leagues and sport associations quarterly public Tables in public seats in Sundays. To identify and to generate information tables cyclical. Qualification for promoters of work centers, study or recreation. Tables of discussion in electronic means of communication 2.ii) To extend the space between pregnancies. PROCEDURE: Consultation in work centers, study, or recreation, about the restlessness and espectativas to fulfill of the young people To generate bonds with the responsible instances to offer opportunities of development to the young people so that they count on goals that promote the space between pregnancies To generate with jóvene the campaigns of diffusion of kindness for the development of mothers, parents and children, to extend the space between pregnancies
3. i) Greater information PROCEDURE as of Agosto 2003: To generate information centers publishes in public libraries and the biennial events public To generate a site of Internet of the COMUPO of Beyond Establishing the bonds of demographic information To manage the centers information public cybernetics with the page of the COMUPO of Beyond 3.ii) more aggressive campaigns PROCEDURE as of July of the 2003: To both manage bimonthly tables of debate in the two local radio stations and local TV channels. To in center manage the installation of health of a videograbadora monitor exclusive and which they project these subjects Installation of a monitor and videograbadora in the events quarterly public 3.iii) campaigns of financing to institutions that show to greater effectiveness in the promotion of contraceptive methods PROCEDURE as of August: To count on a data bank of the potential institutions of financing To generate a bank of projects to finance To establish for the COMUPO of Beyond a seat for a coordinator and manager of these activities 3. IV) Conflict with social Programs PROCEDURE as of October of 2003 Proponer a forum with the existing COMUPOS in the State to discuss among others, this one point. To generate the proposal corresponding for the Congress of the State and the State Executive: 3. V) Education and incentives. PROCEDURE as of Agosto 2003: To participate in the Municipal Council of education to develop this point.
4. i) to differentiate the data in rural and urban the II) to regionalizar the incidence of tumors in regions (use of pesticidas) III) to regionalizar the diabetes and diseases of heart IV) to correlate diseases of the heart with diabetes PROCEDURE as of Agosto 2003: Storing of the data of the different sources of intelligence comparative Analysis by veracity, FODA, sistémica Priorización. Forum for consultation Pursuit and semester monitoreo
5. i) Socioeconomic diagnoses of endogamia and censuses and diagnoses II) diffusion of this problematic one. III) approach with Human rights IV chromosomic correlation of congenital malformations and anomalies with other sociodemográficos indicators PROCEDURE as of Agosto 2003: Storing of the data of the different sources of intelligence comparative Analysis by veracity, FODA, To prioritize in sistémica form. Forum for consultation.
6. i) Socioeconomic diagnoses of endogamia and censuses and diagnoses II) diffusion of this problemáticaiii) approach with Human rights IV chromosomic correlation of congenital malformations and anomalies with other sociodemográficos indicators PROCEDURE from Agsto 2003: Storing of the data of the different sources of intelligence comparative Analysis by veracity, FODA, sistémica Priorización. Forum for consultation Pursuit and semester monitoreo Promotoría and consejalía in centers of medical attention
7. I) campaigns of nutricional education for adults and minors., II) not to neglect to groups of more than 60 years PROCEDURE as of October 2003: Storing of the data of the different sources of intelligence comparative Analysis by veracity, FODA, sistémica Priorización. Forum for consultation Pursuit and semester monitoreo.

San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato 18 of September of the 2002 Revision: Dra. Georgina Mejía Bocanegra Technical secretary of the Secretariat of Health in Beyond
Edition: Ing. Jose Arturo Morales Tirado, Director of Environment and Ecology in the Municipality of Allende
Format: Lic. Ithamar Perez Mendoza Coordinator of Municipalización of the COESPO Guanajuato

Demografía: Dinámica demográfica y plan de población 2002 en el municipio de San Miguel de Allende

Dinámica demográfica y plan de población 2002 en el municipio de San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, México.
Mejía Bocanegra, Georgina; Morales Tirado, Arturo; Pérez Mendoza, Ithamar; et al.
San Miguel de Allendem Guanajuato, Septiembre del 2002

Consejo Municipal de población 2002.

Presidente: Lic. Oscar Arroyo Delgado, Presidente Municipal.
• Secretario: Lic. José García Beltrán, Secretario del H. Ayuntamiento.
• Secretario Técnico: Ing. Germán Ramírez Alcalde, Director de Desarrollo Social y Rural.

Consejeros:
– Dra. Georgina Mejía Bocanegra, Secretaría de Salud de Guanajuato.
– Sra. Socorro Cortés de Arroyo, Directora del DIF
– Ing. Arturo Morales Tirado, Director de Medio Ambiente y Ecología.
– Sra. Irma Salas, Directora de C.A.S.A, A.C.
– Maestra Sylvia Van DijK, Directora de F.A.I., A.C.
– Lic. Francisco Javier Ramírez Agundis, U.S.A.E.G.
– Dr. Ramón Chiquete, Regidor del H. Ayuntamiento.
– Dra. Ma. Guadalupe Torres M., Representante del COESPO Gto.


Prólogo.

El Desarrollo sostenible del Municipio de Allende, Guanajuato, no se puede entender sin el fundamento de conocer y comprender la dinámica de población humana en el mismo.

Es por ello que en los procesos de planeación sustentable de las actividades de gobierno, económicas, sociales, culturales y ecológicas del municipio, el Plan Municipal de Población debe de ser un punto de referencia permanente, tanto para su sustento y definición de estrategias, como para su constante evaluación.


Introducción.

México esta organizado política y administrativamente en un sistema gubernamental federal el cual se fundamenta en la participación de tres ordenes de gobierno: el federal, el estatal y el municipal.

Históricamente a existido una fuerte centralización de la vida económica, política, social y cultural, por lo que muchas de las veces tanto la toma de decisiones para las acciones de gobierno, como la definición de programas y planes de desarrollo han provenido, casi de manera exclusiva, de la capital del país, lo cual ha dejado espacios sumamente reducidos, y en ocasiones nulos, para la participación de los estados y los gobiernos locales.

Los esfuerzos por atacar las causas y los efectos de la excesiva centralización en que el país se desarrolló desde la mitad del siglo pasado, se remontan a mediados de los años setenta. En distintas ocasiones, se han ensayado políticas y programas para fortalecer o reanimar las relaciones intergubernamentales basado en el sistema federal que consagra la constitución política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos.

La política de población no ha quedado aislada de este esfuerzo de descentralización y, desde la constitución de los consejos estatales de población en 1984, se ha venido avanzando en la incorporación de las particularidades regionales a la planeación demográfica y en el fortalecimiento de la participación de las autoridades locales en el marco de la estrategia planteada en el programa nacional de población 1995-2000, por lo que el Consejo Nacional de Población se esforzó por acrecentar la participación de los gobiernos estatales y municipales con apego estricto al respeto de su autonomía.

En materia demográfica, desde 1974 se cuenta en México con la ley general de población, en la que asienta el propósito central de la política nacional de población y se establece la creación del Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO) como responsable de la planeación demográfica del país desde 1977, año en el que el conapo elaboro el primer programa nacional de población.

Uno de los principales retos de la política de población ha sido establecer las bases para la creación y el fortalecimiento de los Consejos Municipales de Población (COMUPO), a fin de lograr que la planeación del desarrollo municipal incorpore los elementos demográficos, al mismo tiempo de propiciar la participación ciudadana como apoyo importante para la difusión de la educación y toma de conciencia de la sociedad en materia de población.

Dentro de esta estrategia se identifica al municipio como la primera instancia de los ciudadanos para demandar la satisfacción de sus necesidades básicas y como el espacio idóneo donde deben confluir la planeación, la acción intersectorial y la participación social.

A partir de 1998 el Consejo Estatal de Población (COESPO) de nuestra entidad se ha dado a la tarea de impulsar la conformación y el fortalecimiento de los Consejos Municipales de Población, la instancia del gobierno municipal destinada a coordinar esfuerzos para identificar y atender la problemática demográfica local y orientar a los sectores en la toma de decisiones; Instancia donde confluyen representaciones del sector publico, privado y social que interactúan en las temáticas poblacionales, cuyo objetivo principal es impulsar la integración de los criterios demográficos a la planeación del desarrollo económico y social en el municipio y aumentar el impacto de acciones de educación en población hacia las comunidades.

En el trayecto de esta experiencia de trabajo conjunto se han ido adecuando las estrategias estatales a las necesidades propias de cada localidad, al mismo tiempo se han venido recuperando las aportaciones de cada municipio, beneficiando con ello al resto de las localidades y depurando así el proceso operativo de los COMUPO’s. Desde la fecha antes mencionada, hasta este momento, se ha logrado la aprobación de los ayuntamientos para la conformación de sus COMUPO’s en 21 municipios, de los cuales se encuentran instalados y operando regularmente 13.

En nuestro municipio se realizó por primera vez la conformación del Consejo Municipal de Población el 26 de Abril del año 2002. Participan en el representaciones sociales y gubernamentales relacionadas con los temas poblacionales (ver directorio en este mismo documento). Las dependencias que conformaron la Comisión de Diagnostico sesionaron arduamente con la finalidad de reunir y definir los datos estadísticos que posibilitarían el establecimiento de un diagnostico poblacional local.

Como resultado de este esfuerzo, el Consejo Municipal de Población ha elaborado el presente documento, cuya finalidad es apoyar la difusión y la toma de conciencia social con respecto a los temas poblacionales en la localidad, así como los retos prioritarios a atender en el mediano plazo, lo que posibilitara la generación de un programa operativo de acción interinstitucional que reditúe beneficios a su población y coadyuve en la mejoría de la calidad de vida y convivencia local; este es el propósito y más alto deseo del presente trabajo que queda a disposición de todos los interesados en el tema poblacional.


Antecedentes

Plan Nacional de Población11 de julio del 2002

• La esperanza de vida de los 102.4 millones de mexicanos es de 76.2 años, la cual se espera aumente a 77.9 años en el 2006, fecha en la que el país tendrá 107.6 millones de habitantes
• Mexicanos que vivan más tiempo, que tengan menos hijos y que usen más anticonceptivos. Este es el escenario.
• La desigualdad de las condiciones de vida que hay en el país se impone
• Uno de los principales retos: reducir de 1.7 a 1.4 por ciento la tasa anual de crecimiento de la población mexicana.
• La misma disparidad se presenta en los índices de natalidad . Por ejemplo, en 290 municipios rurales dispersos por todo el país las mujeres tienen en promedio cuatro hijos, aunque la tasa nacional es de 2.4, y se espera reducirla a 2.1 a fines de sexenio
• En el 2005, alcanzar un nivel de fecundidad de 2.1
• Con el cumplimiento de esa meta que nos hemos fijado, podremos atender mejor las demandas de salud, educación, empleo, vivienda de los más de 107 millones de mexicanas. Vicente Fox.
• En materia de anticonceptivos , el programa destaca que en la actualidad el 70 por ciento de las mujeres en edad fértil utiliza métodos para prevenir embarazos, índice que se espera incrementar a un 74 por ciento para el 2006.
• El esfuerzo en las zonas rurales se debe multiplicar, porque ahí sólo un 50 por ciento de las mujeres tiene hoy acceso a métodos anticonceptivos.
• Elena Zúñiga Herrera, informó que el programa se basa en ocho objetivos específicos , de los cuales destaca la ruptura del círculo vicioso entre pobreza y rezago demográfico, la anticipación a las demandas sociales derivadas del cambio en la estructura por edad y el impulso de un sistema migratorio legal, digno, seguro y ordenado con Estados Unidos.
“De no aplicarse las políticas públicas necesarias para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población , en las próximas décadas México se convertirá en un país de viejos y pobres.” Hiram Hernández (Soc. Sociodemográfica)

Discurso Presidencial
Vicente FoxLos Pinos 11 de Julio del 2002

Extractos del discurso del Presidente Vicente Fox en la Primera Sesión Ordinaria del Consejo Nacional de Población 2002 y Presentación del Programa Nacional de Población 2001-2006

• En el inicio del siglo XXI es un hecho que caminamos con paso firme hacia la estabilización de nuestra dinámica demográfica de largo plazo.
• Hoy por hoy, el mayor aumento en la tasa de población se concentra en las zonas marginadas . Por desgracia, este proceso no va solo, lo acompañan elevados índices de mortalidad y una acelerada destrucción de los recursos naturales .
• Por eso, como aquí se ha señalado, uno de los principales retos que tenemos como nación es romper el círculo perverso entre acelerado crecimiento demográfico, degradación ambiental y pobreza.
• La mejor manera para superar este reto es fortaleciendo las capacidades y ampliando las oportunidades de las familias, especialmente, las más pobres.
• Nueva estrategia social que hemos puesto en marcha y que estamos impulsando agresivamente, que es la estrategia CONTIGO .
• De hecho, el lema del Día Mundial de la Población de 2002, que hoy estamos celebrando, es precisamente Acción Contra la Pobreza: Potenciar, Proteger, Educar.
• Quiero decirles también, que en México hoy tenemos un arma muy importante para superar las desigualdades y la marginación. Esa arma es lo que hemos llamado el bono demográfico que ya se señaló aquí
• Otro desafío impostergable es impulsar una mejor distribución territorial de la población.
• Uno de los retos demográficos cruciales que tenemos es mejorar las condiciones de vida y proteger los derechos de las y los trabajadores emigrantes, al igual que sus familias, donde quiera que se encuentran.
• El cumplimiento de sus metas es una responsabilidad colectiva.


Diagnóstico.

Demografía general:

El mayor incremento en la población se dio en la década de los 80s (42.60% de incremento).

Hemos duplicado la población en menos de 30 años y la duplicaremos antes del 2035

La tendencia de los últimos 5 años (13.56%), nos dice que en esta década creceremos 27%, alcanzando 167,102 habitantes en 2010

Existe un alto número de población en estado productivo

Tendemos a ser una población con menos infantes y mayor número de adultos mayores

Tendencia de mayor número de mujeres que hombres.

Nueva relación social y cultural de los núcleos sociales.

Ligera tendencia al cambio cultural por las mujeres

Fecundidad:

Ha disminuido la TFG en el municipio, principalmente de 97 a 98.

Sin embargo la TFG es 35.17 % superior a la del Estado

Estamos ligeramente debajo de los índices estatales, sin embargo, Seis de cada 10 madres (59.8%) son menores de 30 años y 3.5 de cada 10 son menores de 25 años.

Mientras en el estado, casi 6 de 10 mujeres presentan prevalencia en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos... en el municipio sólo 3 de 10 presentan prevalencia en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos y la tendencia ha disminuido de 1995 a 1998.

Mortalidad:

Falta el comparativo en el Estado y contra los datos nacionales

Para el análisis de tendencias es necesario el histórico de estas tazas

No se determinan los datos por zona urbana y rural y localización de comunidades

No existe una correlación entre enfermedades del hígado y alcoholismo

No existe correlación entre enfermedades del hígado y accidentes

Malformaciones congénitas y anomalías cromosómicas representan la segunda causa de muerte infantil.

No existe correlación entre las malformaciones congénitas y anomalías cromosómicas con número de hijos por madre, embarazos en adolescentes, edad de la madre y padre y endogamia.

Falta regionalizar los datos.

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas son la principal causa de muerte preescolar

Las malformaciones congénitas y anomalías cromosómicas representan un problema de largo plazo hacia la mortalidad o atención de por vida a muchos habitantes, con la necesidad de atención a los que presentan el problema y a sus familiares o seres cercanos
Los accidentes y las agresiones (homicidios) son las principales causas de muerte de niños y adolescentes en edad escolar.

Falta profundizar en los por qué y revisar tendencias.

Falta la correlación entre enfermedades del hígado y la ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas

Falta regionalizar esta situación de enfermedades del hígado, sectorizarlas y diferenciarlas socioeconómicamente.
• Falta correlacionar las enfermedades del hígado con accidentes
• Falta regionalizar los problemas de tumores por área geográfica y por actividad productiva

No existe correlación entre mortalidad y nutrición de los adultos

Falta especificidad sobre muertes por tumores (que clase de tumores)

No existe correlación entre diabetes y hábitos de consumo de azúcar. En relación a los otros municipios, Allende tiene un grado medio.

Migración:

Falta especificar más el diagnóstico en materia de migración de zona rural a urbana y número de migrantes totales generados del municipio en relación al total Estatal.

Existen 6.5 emigrantes por cada 1000 residentes del municipio de Allende (0.65%)

Estamos por debajo de la media estatal de 7.07/1000 residentes.

Estamos en el segundo lugar Estatal con 179 localidades y el 18.74 % con respecto a otras localidades.

Dicho de otra forma, en el Estado de Guanajuato, 2 de cada 10 migrantes provienen de comunidades del Municipio de Allende.

Marginación:

1 de cada 6 adultos mayores a 15 años es analfabeta.

2 de cada 5 mayores de 15 años no completaron su primaria.
1 de cada 3 habitantes ocupan vivienda sin drenaje o servicio sanitario.

1 de cada 2 habitan en localidades menores a 5,000.

1 de cada 13 habitantes ocupan vivienda sin energía eléctrica.

1 de cada 6 habitantes ocupan viviendas sin agua entubada.

1 de cada 2 habitantes ocupan viviendas con algún grado de hacinamiento.

1 de cada 6 habitantes ocupan vivienda con piso de tierra.

Allende encabeza la aportación de PEA en el Norte – Noreste del Estado.

Más de 2/3 partes de la población es sostenida por la Población Económicamente Activa del Municipio.


Objetivos generales del plan municipal de población 2003.

• Romper el círculo perverso entre crecimiento demográfico y deterioro ambiental.

• Lograr en el largo plazo, estabilidad en la dinámica demográfica.

• Reducir el aumento en las tasas de población de las zonas marginadas.

• Reducir los índices de mortalidad, principalmente entre los grupos vulnerables y la acelerada degradación de los recursos.

• Fortalecer las capacidades y oportunidades de las familias del Municipio.

• Ordenar y distribuir territorialmente la población.

• Atender y mejorar la condición de vida de los migrantes y sus familias.

• Involucrar a los tres sectores de la población en la respuesta a los desafíos demográficos del Municipio.

• Hacer converger el Plan Municipal de Población con el Plan de Gobierno y el Plan de Desarrollo Sustentable.


Retos prioritarios (en 2003) para ejecutar un plan municipal de población.

• Establecer en Octubre del 2002 un programa de actividades para gestionar y lograr antes de Diciembre del 2002 un Plan Operativo Anual, como plataforma para un plan a 5 años en el 2003.
• Precisar el diagnóstico de la dinámica demográfica del Municipio, con la información socio – demográfica de las comunidades rurales.

• Proyectar las tendencias a futuro en los próximos 25 años contando con escenarios alternos (pesimista y deseado)

• Analizar sistémicamente la dinámica poblacional para definir estrategias y programas de corto, mediano y largo plazo.

• Comenzar a difundir la información demográfica del Municipio

• Gestionar antes de diciembre del 2002, los recursos necesarios para atender los desafíos en materia de población.

• Monitorear permanentemente los índices demográficos y ajustar de manera transversal, las políticas generales de gobierno.


Estrategias (que se plantearon en 2003 y nunca se llevaron a cabo).

• De octubre a noviembre determinar las fuentes de diagnóstico en el municipio

• Establecer un cronograma a diciembre en una primera fase para colectar información diagnóstica, ordenarla, analizarla y generar tendencias.

• De enero a marzo del 2003, generar un plan mínimo de población a 5 años.

• Establecer un cronograma de actividades y trabajos a diciembre del 2002, dando salida a las estrategias ya planteadas en los trabajos del COMUPO


Acciones propuestas (… en el 2003 y no llevadas a cabo hasta la fecha).

• 1. i) Establecer metas y procedimientos para disminuir la TFG en los próximos 5 años.

• 2. i) Fomentar actividades en adolescentes ii) Alargar el espacio entre embarazos.

• 3. i) Mayor información ii) campañas más agresivas iii) campañas de financiamiento a instituciones que muestren mayor efectividad en la promoción de métodos anticonceptivos iv) Conflicto con PROGRESA V) Educación e incentivos.

• 4. i) diferenciar los datos en lo rural y urbano ii) regionalizar la incidencia de tumores en regiones (uso de pesticidas) iii) regionalizar la diabetes y enfermedades del corazón iv) correlacionar enfermedades del corazón con diabetes
• 5. i) Diagnósticos de endogamia y censos y diagnósticos socioeconómicos ii) difusión de esta problemática, iii) acercamiento con Derechos humanos iv correlación de malformaciones congénitas y anomalías cromosómicas con otros indicadores sociodemográficos

• 6. i) Establecer la correlación entre enfermedades del hígado y la ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas ii) regionalizar esta situación de enfermedades del hígado, iii) sectoralizarlas y iv) diferenciarlas socioeconómicamente. iv) Correlacionar las enfermedades del hígado con accidentes v) Establecer la transversalidad con el Subcomité de Salud Municipal vi) regionalizar los problemas de tumores por área geográfica y vii) por actividad productiva

• 7. I) campañas de educacion nutricional para adultos y menores., ii) No desatender a grupos de más de 60 años.

• 8. i) Diagnótico de migración por comunidad, ii) actualización del censo.

• 9. i) identificar en estas comunidades las razones de la migración, ii) Identificar las motivaciones actuales, iii) los lugares de migración por comunidad, iv) los centros de atracción a la migración y sus procesos, v) los apoyos y enlaces por realizar.

Acciones especificadas:

• 1. i) Establecer metas y procedimientos para disminuir la TFG en los próximos 5 años.
• META: Reducir la TFG (156.4), 11.57/anual:
• 2004 144.83
• 2005 133.26
• 2006 121.69
• 2007 110.12
• 2008 98.55

• 1. i) Establecer metas y procedimientos para disminuir la TFG en los próximos 5 años.
• PROCEDIMIENTO:
• Promotoría del sector Salud, DIF, DiDeSoR, clubes de servicio, ONGs, etc en grupos de estudiantes de secundaria en forma períodica (2 veces por semestre)
• Promotoría en grupos de oportunidades
• Promotoría y consejalía en el sector salud
• Generar la promotoría en todos los centros de atención médica

2. i) Fomentar actividades en adolescentes en los próximos 5 años.
• PROCEDIMIENTO:
• Información bimestral en ligas y asociaciones deportivas
• Mesas públicas trimestrales en plazas públicas en domingos.
• Identificar y generar mesas de información cíclicas.
• Capacitación para promotores de centros de trabajo, estudio o recreación.
• Mesas de discusión en medios electrónicos de comunicación

2.ii) Alargar el espacio entre embarazos.
• PROCEDIMIENTO:
• Consulta en centros de trabajo, estudio, o recreación, acerca de las inquietudes y espectativas por cumplir de los jóvenes
• Generar vínculos con las instancias responsables de ofrecer oportunidades de desarrollo a los jóvenes para que cuenten con metas que promuevan el espacio entre embarazos
• Generar con los jóvene las campañas de difusión de las bondades para el desarrollo de madres, padres e hijos, de alargar el espacio entre embarazos

3. i) Mayor información
PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de Agosto 2003:
Generar centros de información publica en bibliotecas públicas y en los eventos bianuales públicos
Generar un sitio de internet del COMUPO de Allende
Establecer los vínculos de información demográfica
Gestionar los centros públicos de información cibernética con la página del COMUPO de Allende

3.ii) campañas más agresivas
PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de julio del 2003:
Gestionar mesas de debate bimestrales en las dos estaciones de radio locales y los dos canales de TV local.
Gestionar la instalación en el centro de salud de un monitor exclusivo y videograbadora que proyecten estos temas
Instalación de un monitor y videograbadora en los eventos públicos trimestrales

3.iii) campañas de financiamiento a instituciones que muestren mayor efectividad en la promoción de métodos anticonceptivos
PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de agosto:
• Contar con un banco de datos de las instituciones potenciales de financiamiento
• Generar un banco de proyectos a financiar
• Establecer para el COMUPO de Allende una plaza para un coordinador y gestor de estas actividades

3. iv) Conflicto con Programas sociales
• PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de Octubre del 2003
• Proponer un foro con los COMUPOS existentes en el Estado para discutir entre otros, éste punto.
• Generar la propuesta la correspondiente para el Congreso del Estado y el Ejecutivo Estatal:
3. V) Educación e incentivos.
• PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de Agosto 2003:
• Participar en el Consejo Municipal de educación para desarrollar este punto.

4. i) diferenciar los datos en lo rural y urbano ii) regionalizar la incidencia de tumores en regiones (uso de pesticidas) iii) regionalizar la diabetes y enfermedades del corazón iv) correlacionar enfermedades del corazón con diabetes
• PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de Agosto 2003:
• Acopio de los datos de las diferentes fuentes de información
• Análisis comparativo por veracidad, FODA, Priorización sistémica.
• Foro para consulta
• Seguimiento y monitoreo semestral

• 5. i) Diagnósticos de endogamia y censos y diagnósticos socioeconómicos ii) difusión de esta problemática. iii) acercamiento con Derechos humanos iv correlación de malformaciones congénitas y anomalías cromosómicas con otros indicadores sociodemográficos
• PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de Agosto 2003:
• Acopio de los datos de las diferentes fuentes de información
• Análisis comparativo por veracidad, FODA, Priorizar en forma sistémica.
• Foro para consulta
• Seguimiento y monitoreo semestral

• 6. i) Diagnósticos de endogamia y censos y diagnósticos socioeconómicos ii) difusión de esta problemáticaiii) acercamiento con Derechos humanos iv correlación de malformaciones congénitas y anomalías cromosómicas con otros indicadores sociodemográficos
• PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de Agsto 2003:
• Acopio de los datos de las diferentes fuentes de información
• Análisis comparativo por veracidad, FODA, Priorización sistémica.
• Foro para consulta
• Seguimiento y monitoreo semestral
• Promotoría y consejalía en centros de atención médica

• 7. I) campañas de educación nutricional para adultos y menores., ii) No desatender a grupos de más de 60 años
• PROCEDIMIENTO a partir de Octubre 2003:
• Acopio de los datos de las diferentes fuentes de información
• Análisis comparativo por veracidad, FODA, Priorización sistémica.
• Foro para consulta
• Seguimiento y monitoreo semestral

San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato
18 de Septiembre del 2002
Revisión:
• Dra. Georgina Mejía Bocanegra
Secretaria Técnica de la Secretaría de Salud en Allende
Edición:
• Ing. José Arturo Morales Tirado
Director de Medio Ambiente y Ecología en el Municipio de Allende
Formato
• Lic. Ithamar Pérez Mendoza
Coordinador de Municipalización del COESPO Guanajuato

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History. San Miguel de Allende in the context of Mesoamérica.

Approach to the understanding of the society in San Miguel de Allende.

This is an approach to the relation between the people who inhabit the zone of San Miguel de Allende and the Northeast of Guanajuato with the millenarian cultural inheritance of the mesoamericans natives that were developed in all Mesoamérica and the particular relation with the indigenous groups that inhabited the high river basin of the Laja River at different moments.

I. The context in the understanding of Mexico and Mesoamérica.

To way of antecedent parallel to this subject, it is precise to understand the context concept, that, as of Century XX the well-known historiographyc school named Les annals of the new French historians of century XX, among others: Marc Bloch. Lucien Lefebvre, Fernand Braudel, Emmanuel Le Roy y Jacques Le Goff, began to propose the revision of the times last of the humanity from the context.

With the context we can understand the reality of yesterday and today, from three great factors, all of them interlaces to each other, these elements are: time, space and circumstances or accidents.

From the origin of the Universe, until the times of the climatic change, they have always existed: a time, a space and specific circumstances that they have marked every moment of the cosmos from his majorities to his particular situations.

All the social beings, in addition to the time and space, they present specific circumstances: of government (Political), of administration of resources (economic), of its form to interact among them (social), its last inheritance and its visions or intuitions of future (cultural) and the form in which they are related to his surroundings (ecological)

Three revolutions in the human civilization.

Like another antecedent, we can indicate three great revolutions in the humanity: the neolithic one, the industrialist and postmodern. In the neolithic revolution, the human being domestic servant some plants for its consumption as food (cereals the majority) generates excessive of food, it begins to settle down in villages to become sedentary and it counts on greater free time for the reflection of its paper in the Universe and before its community and others, from which they are formed different civilizations. In this stage they are begun to generate the religions from myths and rituals, the previous thing with the purpose of which the elite in the power could have control on the mass where he dominant group is the leaders.

This revolution happens between 7.000 years before ours was, in Mesoamérica, agriculture is from teozintle or primitive maize, in Mesopotamia and India, from the Wheat, in China from the rice and the Andean plateau from the Pope and other tubercles.

This revolution happens between 7.000 years before ours was, in Mesoamérica, agriculture is from teozintle or primitive maize, in Mesopotamia and India, from the Wheat, in China from the rice and the Andean plateau from the Pope and other tubercles. This one, it will transform the form of the production and will establish the economic conditions of liberalism and the expansion of the commerce in all the Planet, among other consequences.

The revolution postmodern, still we are living it and is noticeable, according to the Colombian sociologist Fernando You watch, by several revolutions (emblematic),
bound to each other, that is to say: i) feminist (appearance of the contraceptive pill in 1966); II) the policy (promotion of the democracy and rejection to the authoritarianism like the declared thing in 1968, the movement hippie, the fight by the human rights); III) Revolution microelectronics (micro - Chips and its implication in the communication, cybernetics and industrial and enterprise life); IV) ecological or the effects of the human being in the surroundings and its negative implications in the biodiversity and the environment.

Finally, like synthesis: the paradigmatic revolution, marked by the fast change of the models and political patterns, economic, social, cultural and ecological to that the human being must give answer.

The dynamic context of the human being.

In synthesis, the factors of the context happen all simultaneously, in a time - space and specific circumstances for each individual, community, region, Country, continent, all of them are important for the understanding of the civilizations that have shared a specific time, or, a space with others.

II. Context of Mesoamérica

Mesoamérica is a concept created by Paul Kirchof in 1943 to define a territory (space) occupied by natives whom shared cultural characteristics, own of a civilization, expressed in different cultural forms according to the surroundings or environment in which they lived.

The rise of agriculture.

The mesoamerican time, for one better understanding has been divided in four chronological phases, previous to history or an archaic time and three historical horizons: Pre - classic or Formativo, Classic and Post - classic.

At the archaic time, the domestication of the primitive corn appeared in Mesoamérica does near 7.000 years before Christ (b.C.), from this event they were begun to form the first villages of sedentary natives, probably, with schemes of communitarian government, obtaining an excess in the food production and therefore in the temporary storage of them to count on food the year throughout; administering to these resources and other relative to the different tasks and hierarchies formed in the primitive community.

In the social thing, the first communitarian clans are developed from the family in different patterns, depending on the surroundings.

When having excessive of food and increasing the time free, the first mesoamericans that comprised of the elite, they began to create myths to share with the community in collective rituals and of this form one went generating the mesoamerican religion next to the first cultural characteristics, expressed in the objects that extended to their present and showing their yearnings in the future.

Next to the production of the primitive corn with early agriculture, the mesoamerican collected seeds it began to use the resources of its ecosystems to increase its quality levels of life and tried a symbiotic life with the means that surrounded it.

The Mesoamerican time.

In general terms, we can affirm that the understanding of the past pre-Hispanic, of which at the moment it is the Mexican Republic, it begins to understand the time and the mesoamerican space. As far as the chronology of the different indigenous cultural groups, the lines of the time orient generally by regions phisiographic or corresponding to different ecosystems and geographic sites, where, for one better understanding settles down the archaic or prehistoric time, from the appearance of the first cultures of primitive maize or teozintle, until the appearance of the first sites inhabited like centers of being able theocratic, inscriptions, narrative and descriptive petroglyph of concepts and events of the communitarian life. These events happened, in the general, of 7.000 years before Christ, until about 2.000 years before Christ

After this moment, the Mesoamerican historians have settled down three historical horizons for a better understanding of the evolution of the mesoamerican civilization, that is to say: the horizon Pre - classic or Formativo that goes of 2.000 years before ours was to 40 years before ours was. After this moment, the Mesoamérica historians have settled down three historical horizons for a better understanding of the evolution of the mesoamerican civilization, that is to say: the horizon Pre - classic or Formativo that goes of 2.000 years before ours was to 40 years before ours was. The Classic horizon that goes of: 40 years before ours it was up to 1.100 years after ours was. Finally, the historical horizon of the Post - classic that includes from the 1.100 to the 1521, year in which it fell conquered: Mexico - Tenochtitlan.

The flexible border of Mesoamérica.

The geographic limits of Mesoamérica were varying according to the context transformed to the passage of time. Of such luck, the territory of Mesoamérica included to the North: from the south of the present state of Sinaloa, happening on the part of the States of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Guanajuato, San Luís Potosí y Tamaulipas and extended until the Northwest of Honduras. In this territory, where the señoríos (kingdoms) were determined by the metropolis or dominant cities, the borders were flexible and they moved constantly. Nowadays, archaeological sites like members or not of Mesoamérica are discussed so it is the case of the archaeological sites in the State of Guanajuato known like: Gorge of the Virgin or the Cóporo.

The border of Mesoamérica in the North of Guanajuato.

Like part of the context of the North region of the State of Guanajuato, from San Miguel de Allende, towards the North, the Mexican Central Plateau extends, which is a semi-empty one with smaller precipitations to 500 mm. of rain per year, it includes, in addition to the North of Guanajuato, part of the States of: San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, all of them part of Aridoamérica, another pre-Hispanic cultural region.

By the previous thing, the fisiographic border between semi-empty of the North of Guanajuato and the Axis Neovolcánico that begins in the volcano Peaks, to the south of San Miguel de Allende, it often agreed with the border between: Mesoamérica and Aridoamérica; other so many, it was it the channel of the Lerma river.

Mesoamérica in the XXI Century.

Nowadays, the mesoamerican territory, it is demarcated, somehow, by the indigenous languages that are spoken at the present time and that constitute a cultural inheritance of thousands of years showed in the daily communication and its influence in other spheres of the regional culture.

Native mesoamerican languages in century XXI.

At the present time they exist more than five million natives who speak near 70 different languages in Mexico and Centro America, indeed, in which it was Mesoamérica.

According to the Spanish Promoter of linguistic, four great families exist and a set of new native languages without a defined family. Of the family of mayenses languages: greater quicheano, Ixil - Man, Kanjob, Cluj, Cholana, Yuacateco and Huasteco. Of the family of languages Mixe - Zoque: Mixeano, Zoqueano, Totonaco, Hokano. Of the family of Otomanques languages: Otopame (spoken in the North - Northeast of the State of Guanajuato), Mixtecano, Zapotecano, Popolocano, Mange, Tlapaneco. Of the family Yuta - Nahua, or Yuto - Aztec: nahua, Kora. Finally of the recent native languages: the Lenkano. From all these they derive nowadays near 70 native languages with hablantes in the territory of the old Mesoamérica.

III. Historical horizons in Mesoamérica.

In synthesis, we can mention four great historical times for the development of Mesoamérica, which include the Archaic one, the Pre - classic or formativo, the Classic one, where some authors make the differentiation of a called horizon of transition Epi - classic or delayed classic (of transition) and finally the post - classic. These are characterized with the declivity of Teotihuacan, Palenque and Monte Albán.

As a characteristic of the three last historical horizons is possible to mention the political manifestation in the form of government like a reflection of the context lived by the mesoamericans in different times, thus we have in the preclassic horizon the government was theocratic; in the classic was theocratic – military, and in the posclassic it was net military edge.

Some authors like Felipe Solis, they consider that Preclassic finished near the 200 of ours was, the Classic one until the 900 of ours was, and the Post - classic I include an early period (until the 1200) and one delayed one. This one is based on the chronology of the mexica people.

The corn in the rise of Mesoamerica.

With the domestication of the primitive maize, call teozintle, on the part of the first mesoamericans, the cultural revolution for the development of the mesoamerican civilization occurred necessary. The appearance of agriculture in this region brought like consequence the sedentary life, sophistication in the rituals of life and death, and the creation of the religious system that would prevail in Mesoamérica until the arrival of the Spaniards.

As well, the maize will be bound to the religion and theogony of the first mesoamericans indigenous towns, as well as to everything a cultural process based on nutritional products generated of the grain of the maize like main element in the diet of the mesoamericans. Piperno ET. to. It has been considering that the domestication of the maize happened for 8.000 years, in the call Cave of the Thieves. For others like Enrique Florescano, the domestication of the maize happened 9.000 years ago, according to the evidences of caves of the Balsas river, or the Guila Naquitz cave in Oaxaca.

Antonio Tourrent, it mentions that the primitive maize was taken to Central America where hybrid, of return in Mesoamérica, the women began the practice of the nixtamal, that it consists of adding lime (Ca (OH2)) to the mass of the maize grain in its process of baking, in order to preserve to this one, besides to add minerals to the product.

As far as cosmogony, Florescano refers to us that in Palenque appears the inscription Hun Nal Ye or “One Maize”, that it was the moment at which the “sky” was divided in 8 parts, at the moment that appeared the Wakah Chan or “cosmic tree”, where it takes he, the precious seed of the maize in form of precious woman who comes from the underworld.

Christopher Columbus, it took the maize to Spain, but in Europe they did not make the nixtamal process reason why the tortillas did not conserve and sickened to which ate them, prelaga came, reason why one thought that the maize was suitable only for the natives or like excellent forage. This idea prevails to the present time, since the maize has been used in the United States, and Canada as forage and many visitors in San Miguel de Allende think that the maize of here can sicken them.

Of the first archaic communities in the Anáhuac, we can tell Tlatilco and Zacatenco.

The pre - classic in Mesoamérica.

Olmecs more well-known of the pre - classic horizon is the mesoamerican cultural group, their more famous sites are: San Lorenzo, Sale and Three Zapotes, these, they were developed near the South coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

Olmecs more well-known of the pre - classic horizon is the mesoamerican cultural group, their more famous sites are: San Lorenzo, Sale and Three Zapotes, these, they were developed near the South coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

The pre - classic in the Laja River area.

In the river basin of the Laja river, the archaeologists have found vestiges of the Chupicuaro culture, with an age approximated of up to 2.500 years of antiquity. These vestiges are: small figures of ceramics known like Venus, to be associate to the fertility symbols (mainly by its wide hips), and some ceremonial pipes.

Like in many towns and cultures of the pre - classic one, in Chupicuaro the beginning of the socioeconomic stratification occurred, represented in the pottery, manifestation of the complexity of that society. These manifestations were registered of 400 years a. of C. up to 200 years d. of C.

These towns settled down to the margins of rivers and lagoons and began to form the first domestic units. In the region of the Laja river, monumental structures did not appear (pyramids), but, ritual tombs and burials, where they have been ceramics anthropomorphous, ceramics in red, black, coffee, target on red, all it, like an example of the funeral art of Chupicuaro, where the corporal painting is appraised, frontal turbans and bandage, the cult to the maternity and the fertility.

The classic horizon in Mesoamérica. Palenque, Chiapas.

In the classic horizon, stable urban societies in internal it formed during long periods of time. Cities arise in Mesoamérica like: Teotihuacan, Monte Albán, Tikal, Calackmul, Palenque, Copán, etc.

In Palenque, we can observe texts enrolled with bas-relief hieroglyphics, wakes, murals, in addition to expressed in sculptures and paintings murals.

The great majority of the important sites by its social and so large complexity of its constructions in Mesoamérica, they were destroyed or, in the best one of the cases, left between years 750 to 850 of ours it was.

For many investigators, perhaps it was the conjunction of several factors which determined the collapse of many of these sites, among others: environmental factors, bound to prolonged droughts (at least two related phenomena of the “boy”), what the food production diminished per consecutive years, combined to an accelerated population increase, urban expansion, concentration of being able politician, economic and military, favoring to an elite that began to lose stability before the popular revolts.

Sometimes, like in Palenque, the collapse happened at moment that was carried out remodeling or new constructions, reason why the interpretation of the factors that produced this fall in the Mayan zone continues with many lagoons.

Yaxilán and Bonampak.

In the Mayan zone at least five regions different with thousands are considered from archaeological sites, relatively just investigated, or that goes of last the 30 years to the date. Somehow, in them we can observe characteristics that appeared in the classic horizon in all Mesoamérica as the political power with the military man and monk due to the struggles by better earth is the presence of societies governed by an elite binding, ports, or strategically important points in the expansion of some of these cities.

In murals and under relief like those of Bonampak or Yaxilán, Chiapas, it is possible to be observed scenes military and of subjugated towns: dominant - winning on dominated - won.

Jainá, Campeche.

In this period of time, the mesoamerican culture development aesthetic expressions that reflected simultaneously, emotions and spirit towards the surroundings, so it is the case of small figures of mud of Jainá, Campeche, with a plasticity and unique movement.

With this type of ceramics, we can also appreciate the own personality that each site treatment to maintain in spite of the influence of cosmopolitan or very dominant cities.

Investigators like Roman Chán Fragmentation hand grenade, they considered figures of a unique beauty, with style purity, perhaps by the insular character of the site (Jainá, it means house in the water). After all, this classic site of the delayed one, like many others, it was a town soldier, hunter, fisherman and practiced the commerce.

Monte Albán, Oaxaca.

In central valleys of the State of Oaxaca, zapoteca by more was developed to the culture than 1.200 years, reaching in the classic one, the peak its development as society you falsify and complex, with architectonic elements, sculpture, pictorial, decorative, of pottery, jewelry, etc., that they demonstrate the previous thing.

The city of Monte Alban, it was constructed in an artificial plateau where the city by more existed than thousand years, with its peculiar scapular board style.

Like many other sites of the classic one, Monte Albán was designed under a plan of development related to the passage of the stars, which constituted referring the main ones to establish the calendars agricultural and ritual, base of the activities related to the mesoamerican religion.

Monte Albán counted on ritual tombs, ball game, buildings with sunk patio, platforms, government buildings, temples, astronomical observatory, ceramics, jewelry, bas-relief, sculpture and mural painting.

Single of from 1931 to 1943 180 tombs were located, being of most famous number seven. Monte Albán was the city more long life of Mesoamérica, and of course, the center more important zapoteco.

To go to the city of Teotihuacan represents to attend the celebration of the mexica myth of the birth of the Gods and to the cosmic urban design of two thousand years ago the old architects and teotihuacanos wise people created who located to the city like extension and permanent bond between she, the region, the planet and the universe.

This city that got to have a population between 80.000 and 120.000 inhabitants, one was of the most lived in its time and was most cosmopolitan in the Mesoamérica of the Classic time. Nowadays it is the investigated site more and perhaps most spectacular of the pre-Hispanic archaeological sites of Mexico it is the cultural and social bridge between the formative times and post - classic mesoamericanas which allows us to include/understand the roots and foundations of which nowadays it is shaped in our iconography and Mexican idiosyncrasy as they can be the uses of the spaces public to make social the knowledge, the ideas and the ideology of the moment.

Other authors, they consider that the population of Teotihuacan got to be from than 200.000 inhabitants occupying more an extension of 20 Km2, but lamentably, from its decay, the city has been exposed permanent sackings, the last ones happened in January of the 2006, facts denounced by doctor Linda Manzanilla, investigator in Teotihuacan with more than 20 years in the site. It is by the way, this investigator, who directed the excavation in the natural grotto underneath the called pyramid of the sun, where when finding bones of infants and an associated mask to Tláloc, God of the rainwater, it has been inferred that this great pyramid was dedicated to this deity.

Teotihuacan, by its importance in the mesoamerican civilization he has been one of the sites archaeological more explored in Mexico. In the last 10 years 30 new burials have been unearthed, in the call pyramid of the sun, specialists in nuclear physics of the independent national university of Mexico, and archaeologists of the national Institute of anthropology and history, they examine with muons (radioactive atomic structures) the structure of the building to be able to detect possible cameras in its interior.

The classic horizon in the region of San Miguel de Allende. Cañada de la Virgen, Guanajuato.

In the State of Guanajuato there exist more than thousand archaeological sites, what it speaks to us of the importance that had east site of the North border of Mesoamérica. As well, the municipality of Allende, Guanajuato (San Miguel de Allende, one of the 46 of the State, it counts with more than one hundred archaeological sites, being most important, by its monumental and design in function to the cosmic movement, the call: Cañada de la Virgen.

This site, for some authors it was a place with influence tolteca, but for many others it represents previous the foundation of Tula a little while, or Tollan Xicolotitlan, reason why prototolteca has been called him, to the towns that inhabited this site and other borders.

For the archaeologist in head of the Project of investigation cañada de la Virgen: Gabriela Zepeda García Moreno, this site is a reflection of the importance that has for national archaeology the study of little well-known regions, zones of border, like Guanajuato, where sites of sedentary occupation appear and others of testimonies of nomadic groups. This place is representative of the tradition deep - set court yard that appeared in Classic and epi - classic, in Guanajuato, being developed between 350 and 900 years of ours it was. For Gabriela Zepeda García Moreno it is expression of: an agricultural development advanced during the Maxima expression of the mesoamerican border to the north, product of an organization and specialization of the work in the governing centers. For this author, these sites of border were inhabited by the prototoltecas, before the collapse of Tula, in the present state of Hidalgo.

The archaeological site of Cañada de la Virgen, it is oriented to the east and it consists of 5 architectonic complexes, among others: two plinths with deep – set court yard (in Guanajuato the tradition of deep – set court appears in near 200 sites), circular structure, suspend and a road of 840 meters in length and 18 meters wide. The natural surroundings present a high biodiversity, with more than 150 varieties of plants and 40 of animals. For the mentioned author, the site was chosen like part of a process of systemic and ordered thought where: … the hills are axes computers for the urban design. Simultaneously, the observed hills served to elaborate calendars with the horizon to be able to measure and to divide the time in events of 7,13, and 20 days. In this design it is possible to be observed that the complex obeyed to a special design to predict the climate and to assure the agricultural cycle.

Other important data, in order to consider of the archaeological site Cañada de la Virgen, located to 30 km. To the south - the west of San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato; they are: The site consists of four constructive stages. 200 sites with deep – set court yard exist in Guanajuato more than, what allowed to disappear the horizon from its interior, to step on the feminine region of the duality and there, to rise to the great hill; the deep – set court controlled pluvial water used like water mirror and this one, lead to the pool or amanalli. In the site have been 10 burials, there are vestiges of which regional commerce existed under the direction of Gabriela Zepeda García Moreno.

Cóporo, Guanajuato.

The Cóporo, in the municipality of Ocampo, Guanajuato, he is another one of the four projects that have in the last investigated three years in the State.

In the Cóporo, vestiges of houses are had room in the base of the hill where it is, in the top, a series of structures of observation of stars, calendars dates and rituals monks.

Plazuelas, Guanajuato.

He is one of the four sites in investigation within the state of Guanajuato. It is located in the south of Pénjamo and by the investigations made in the last three years by the team of the archaeologist Carlos Castañeda, it is possible to be observed that this site was one of the most complex cities of this border region.

It was developed between 600 and 900 years of ours it was, on three slopes, where, in addition to pyramidal constructions, they are: ball game, monumental buildings (covered houses), an extensive platform. To the east, the pyramids present a plant in form of “T”, representing the entrance to the underworld. On the other hand, the pyramids of the north are of quadrangular plant, in them it is observed in its walls slopes and boards.

To the east, the pyramids present a plant in form of “T”, representing the entrance to the underworld. On the other hand, the pyramids of the north are of quadrangular plant, in them it is observed in its walls slopes and boards.

One of the particular characteristics of the site, they are its stones worked with different objects, bound to the rain request. Many of rocks represent architectonic elements in miniature.

The archaeological zone, first it is opened to the public in the State of Guanajuato.

The post - classic horizon in Mesoamérica. Tzintzuntzan, Michoacán.

To 100 Km. of Morelia, the present State Capital of Michoacán, is the archaeological site of Tzintzuntzan, that it means place of hummingbird and it was the capital of the rising territory of purépechas of the lake of Pátzcuaro.

In fact, Michoacán means place of lakes and was around the river basin of this lake, where the leaders of dominion settled down their centers of government purépecha, being originally Tzintzuntzan the capital of the territory, under the government of Tariácuri, which, to its death it designated a: Pátzcuaro, Ihuatzio, and Tzintzuntzan the capitals of purépechas under the command of its children: Hiquingaje, Hiripan and Tangaxoan, respectively. This one was a territory that maintained its autonomy before the attack of the mexicas or Aztecs and that got to have more than 100 inhabitants in more than 96 communities.

The site presents a combination of rectangular and cylindrical structures in 13 levels on an enormous platform, that it is known him like Yácatas.

The small barren island of Mexico - Tenochtitlan, occupied by the mexicas or Aztecs, from 1325 to 1521, after escaping by almost two years of the town of Culiacán, it was the capital of last great dominion of Mesoamérica.

The saga of the mexicas was related by they themselves in the strip of the peregrination, where, they narrate to us that they left the mythical Aztlán in 1113, and after inhabiting Apaxco, Tecpayocan and Chapultepec, among other sites, and to have fought as mercenaries for tecpanecas of Azcapotzalco and culhuacas of Culhuacan they arrived at the small barren island of Mexico in 1325.

The call Greater Temple or Gran Teocalli, it was the nucleus of this city, its temple was dedicated to the Gods Tláloc and Hutzilopochtli, in sculptures like the Stone of the sun or Aztec Calendar, they represented the duality in the serpents diurnal - Quetzalcóatl and the nocturnal one - Tezcatlipoca. The previous thing, in order to refer the minimum, of the complex mesoamerican religious system, expressed in the great mexica pantheon and its complex system of rituals bound to a myth endless number, that they were as well the millenarian cultural inheritance of Mesoamérica received by the mexicas through two great traditions toltecas: the one of the toltecas nonoalcas and the one of the toltecas chichimecas.

Like most of the mesoamericans towns of the Post - classic, the mexicas were a town that had a government eminently military man and who after the conquest was ignored by the winning Spanish chronic reason why a series of negative myths around them has been created, more than a complex vision of that mesoamerican group and his complex culture. The mexica room in the head of the National Museum of Anthropology, in México City it can give a sample us of it, which we can complete in the visit to the museum and site of the Greater Temple, en the same City.

The Posclassic horizon in the Northeast of Guanajuato.

It is important to remember that San Miguel de Allende is in the South limit of which is the Mexican Plateau, a desert zone with inferior precipitations to 18 inch. / Year; with grounds settlement, in general poor for agriculture. This region was occupied by the groups chchimecas (the ancestry of dogs, bound to the nocturnal deities like Xólotl and Tezcatlipoca), that in general, they were constituted by the zacatecos, guachichiles, guamares and pames.

They were collectors, hunters, soldiers, having its border east with the otomí town and mazahua, and to the south with purépechas. Guamares, with two sub-groups: guaxábanes and copuces. The Chichimecas (called by some authors: Teochichimecas) occupied what is the present territory of the municipalities of: San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, Dolores, San Felipe, San Diego of the Union, San Luis of La Paz, Dr. Mora and San Jose Iturbide.

To the arrival of the Spaniards to these earth, the otomíes, allies with the peninsular ones, for being subjugated by the mexicas (as well, allies with chichimecas to also divide these of Chicomostoc), they began to establish commercial relations later and relations of submission by the force of the arms and the imposition of the Catholicism (evangelization), in a process that lasted near fifty years.

At the moment, chchimecas of this region is in the Fat Mountain range of Guanajuato, near San Luis of La Paz, they speak the Jonás - Chichimeca, and they are descending of the natives who originally inhabited this earth to the arrival of the Spaniards in the middle of the century XVI, who were called by some Spaniards: mecos like contraction of chichimecos.

In the case of San Miguel de Allende, the otomí leader was Conín who began the conquest of these territories, in a process of years of commercialization and to be to the service of the Spanish crown. Its Castilian name was Hernando de Tapia, in this way it prepared the way so that, in 1542, fray Juan of San Miguel, guardian of the Franciscan convent of Acámbaro (in the today, state of Guanajuato) established a small congregation of guamares, otomíes and purépechas, before starting off for Xichú of Indians, in Guanajuato and Río Verde, in the present state of San Luis Potosí.

IV. The times of the conquest.

The conquest of the mesoamerican territory, like most of the wars of this type, they to each other do not represent a warm encounter between two totally different ethnic groups. The conquest was a violent period, like all: unjust, cruel inequality and; simultaneously, this war on the part of the European through the necessity, was justified to evangelize to the Indians. They were the years of climax of the Spanish monarchy related to the great power of the Catholic Church. In those first fifty years, the long process of conquest in the Great Chichimeca occurred, where: otomíes, the Spanish tlaxcaltecas and military as captains with technology and used strategy military in Europe won to the rebellious natives against the conquest.

Highest figure of the conquest was Hernán Cortés, man born in Medellín, Extremadura, Spain, that from the 20 years it was in America, spending 19 years in the island of the Spanish, of where it happened to the island of Cuba, where captain of the third expedition of conquest in the continental zone of the New Spain was named, where it was prohibited him to found permanent colonies.

Diego de Velasquez trusted him, thus, after three days it arrived at the island of Cozumel, with the antecedents of two previous expeditions, the one of Francisco Hernandez of Cordova, in 1517, where more than half of the conquerors they were assassinated, in spite of which, they explored: Cuba, Yucatan and Florida. The other previous expedition, it was lead by Juan de Grijalva, who partially sailed the river that takes to its name in Tabasco and the Alvarado River.

Hernán Cortés was a man of calculated boldness, braves, dominion of people, of very few scruples, of sobriety when eating and drinking, erotic avidity and an excessive ambition of being able and fame, perhaps for that reason, in the long run, the Spanish nobility and captains never trusted him.

The conquest of Mexico – Tenochtitlan

Cortés it arrived at Mexico and first of February of 1519 with 10 boats and 500 soldiers, in Tabasco it had his first combats, which won, there it received to Malinalli like flattery of the local caciques. In Cozumel it had rescued the Jerónimo of Aguilar, who would be along with Malinalli the interpretative
connection of the conqueror in the first months of this saga.

The 21 of April of 1519 arrived at San Juan de Ulúa and in spite of the restriction of not founding permanent colony; it founded Villa Rica of the Veracruz, the first permanent locality in the American continent.

In Zempoala it had some battles, previous to an agreement of collaboration with the totonacos against the mexicas, obtaining of this form, thousand totonacos soldiers more for its army. In this place it received an embassy of Moctezuma where they overwhelmed it with sumptuous gifts. Something similar happened with those of Tlaxcala, where it added other two thousands of allies. In the course to Mexico - Tenochtitlan, the army of Cortés, it surprised the inhabitants of Cholula, where it killed three thousand cholultecas more.

In May of 1520, Courteous it kidnaps to Moctezuma II and one dozen of mexicas noble, among others to Cuitláhuac, brother of the Great Tlatoani. Cortés it returned to Veracruz to negotiate with Pánfilo de Narváez, that it came from Cuba by the conqueror; without I engage the clutch what it was obtained went to add to near thousand new Spanish soldiers to the conquest. In that lapse, Pedro de Alvarado did not control a ceremony in honor of Tezcatlipoca and assassin and kills in the Greater Temple the priests of this deity, what untied the anger of the mexicas against the Spaniards. Cortés above to the Palace of Axayácatl and to try to save the situation it released to part of the noble, among others: Cuitláhuac, who takes the leadership from the rebellion against the invaders. The 30 of June of 1520, in a desperate act, Courteous it requests to Moctezuma II that at the top of the palace demands the stop of the revolt, but this one, it dies, stoned by the displeased crowd. At night, they try to flee, but they are discovered and the army of Courteous is almost destroyed in Mexico - Tenochtitlan, miraculously, Courteous and their main captains manage to escape by the road of Tlacopan (Tacuba), it cried his defeat in the base of ahuehuete in the town of Popotla, giving foot to at night sad episode. Paradoxically, Cuitláhuac, winner in this battle, it falls ill of smallpox and it dies the few days, a nephew will replace his, prince of Mexico - Tlaltelolco: Cuahutémoc. The 7 of Julio, the few Spaniards and tlaxcaltecas that were still on of fight do in front and win the battle of Otumba and prepare the final offensive to the mexica capital, which will be surrounded by 12 brigs.

After a prolonged site and to have poisoned the water provisions, the capital of the mexicas: Mexico - tenochtitlan falls the 13 of August of 1521.

The conquest in the Great Chichimeca.

The conquest of the north of Guanajuato has two antecedents: one is the call war of the Mixtón, to the northeast of Guadalajara and the other: the commercial relations and of conquest undertaken by the otomíes of Jilotepec, under the auspice of the Spaniards; both events happened in second half of the decade of 1530.

In 1541, the first viceroy of the New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, one occurred to the task of colonizing the North border, through the armed conquest and the evangelization. Although, the official foundation of the first villa of San Miguel was in 1542, it already existed a commercial relation and with conquest aims and initiated evangelization, among others, by Conín or Hernando de Tapia, otomí caudillo, ally to the Spaniards, participant in the expansion of the northern border in those years, ever since it occupied the Gorge, in Querétaro, with converted otomíes natives to the Catholicism, who, along with the cacique of dominion of Jilotepec: Nicolas de San Luis Montañez, subjugated as well by the encomendero (political and military chief) of Apaseo: Hernán Perez de Bocanegra and Cordova, the 25 of June of the 1531 and with her founded Querétaro myth of the battle of Sangremal and the appearance of Santa Cruz of white limestone, copy of appeared next to Mr. Santiago the Apostle, or Santiago matamoros, riding in a white horse, in the middle of the din of the mythical battle between otomíes - Spanish, against pames.

In 1546, when the mines of Zacatecas were discovered, scrambled Navies of chichimecas against the Spaniards began. Properly, the Chichimeca war began in 1550, when a group of zacatecos I attack a Spanish convoy, later the guachichiles and guamares continued with sporadic attacks that went away generalizing in all gran chichimeca. By that then the Camino Real call tended of Inland or the Silver, in order to protect shipments of food or metals.

Purépechas, and otomíes, allies with the Spaniards, they had antagonism towards chichimecas and they were attracted the grain wages and privileges that the Spaniards granted to them, besides to mount to horse and to use the arms you brought by the peninsular ones. On the other hand, chichimecas, they felt scorn by the natives who had embraced the cause of the European. At the beginning of the decade of 1550, the town of original San Miguel (San Miguel the Old one), it had been left, after some attacks of natives copuces.

Between 1551 and 1553, the viceroy Luis de Velasco, it organized three expeditions by the Way of Inland, ordering the foundation of towns between Zacatecas and Querétaro, in 1555, it ordered the re - foundation of San Miguel with Spaniards, tarascos (purépechas) and otomíes.

It was until 1557, when the vein is discovered mother of the mineral of Valenciana and the Real one of Mines of Guanajuato is based, that the first villa of Spaniards is based on Izcuinapan, with the name of San Miguel, to a side of the present place of the Spurt. According to the reference of Pedro Vizcaíno, original inhabitant of San Miguel Viejo, later sacristan and governor of Xichú de Indios, it mentioned: Fray Juan of San Miguel, after founding a congregation of Spaniards and natives to the margin of the present Laja river (San Miguel the Old one), it started off Verde River ago (in the potosina huasteca), happening through Xichú, in order to convert to the Catholicism the Guachichila. Later (1557), Bernardo Cossin, it followed similar steps in San Miguel (Izcuinapan), Xichú and Río Verde.

Although the number of victims is not known chichimecas, the number of those is known the other side: for end of 1561, than 200 Spaniards and 2000 natives allied more in the ways of Guadalajara, Michoacán and Mexico towards the North.

To the death of the viceroy Luis de Velasco in 1564, they followed one another little political defined that affected to chichimecas and the pacification process, since before the lack of manual labor, To the death of the viceroy Luis de Velasco in 1564, they followed one another little political defined that affected to chichimecas and the pacification process, since before the lack of manual labor, impelled by the Dominican Bartholomew of the promulgated Houses and in 1542 and 1543. Somehow, the morality of the Chichimeca War had begun, since it was not clear who had to pay the war, the Spanish crown or the colonizing and if these last ones could make slaves to the captured natives; to these vagueness, the Dominican ones had declared to the Spaniards and colonies like invaders of the territories chichimecas. In 1568, the viceroy Martin Enríquez de Almanza, it ordered the construction of military prisons (the strong military) with the service of military escorts, throughout the way of the silver, of being known in the region San Miguel de Allende those: Hillock of Grandson, Cerritos, San Felipe, Coffer, Xichú, Jalpa, Tolimán, Valleys (in San Luis Potosí) Ivory, Villa de Reyes, Ojuelos, among others.

The viceroy Martin Enríquez justified the slavery of the Indians of the north and obtained that Corona financed the militarization of the region. In 1574, in another meeting summoned by he himself viceroy, the war against chichimecas was approved totally and it was solved that the captured Indians served to the Spaniards by a term of 13 years, being disapproved that agreement only by the Dominican ones. The Augustinians friars (mainly), and Franciscans approved the war, then, king Felipe II, it had restricted politically to the religious orders, having lost to be able the friars, they had to negotiate its participation in the political life of the New Spain.

In Guanajuato, for those years, the Spaniards captured with deceits men women and children to take them to work to the mines, as distant properties and sites as the city of Mexico. For 1576, in the capital of the viceroyalty they had more than 6.000 chichimecas, of which, half had been taken in quality of slaves. The traffic of slaves was an income-producing business since for those dates, an India or Indian of the north cost between 80 and 100 pesos.

The idea to create trimmings was what motivated the foundation of Celaya (1574) and Leon (1575) in the Guanajuato sank bank, where by viceroyalty order, Indians were sent so that worked in these defensive towns, congregations and towns of the region, in agricultural and cattle companies. Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, count of Corunna, fourth viceroy of the New Spain, between 1580 and 1585, it duplicated the number of soldiers in great chichimeca and intensified the creation of military prisons (presidios).

Finally, they were the three last viceroy of the S. XVI in the New Spain, who consolidated La Paz in the region, that is to say: The Viceroy Alonso Manrique de Zúñiga, Marquess of Villamanrique (1585 - 1590, Luis de Velasco II, Marquess of Salt mines (1590 - 1595), and Gaspar de Zúñiga, count de Monterrey (1595 – 1604). They moderated the effective slavery policy by the high costs of the war. It proposed that the missionaries supported to the soldiers through the doctrine and promoted the migration of natives of the center, , to the border to mark the sedentary way the northern ones, tlaxcaltecas to the region of the Laja river and otomíes to San Luis of La Paz.

In a process of cultural assimilation, earth was offered to them, troops, agricultural tools, grains, meat of head of cattle and alcohol. With time, they had to provide themselves with their food, thus chichimecas employees were made more and more which facilitated the ethnic and cultural mestizo process, and in a relatively short time it facilitated its cultural and physical extermination. Mónica Blanco, Alma Parra and Ethelia Ruiz Medrano, they affirm that the change of diet and customs of the indigenous groups of Guanajuato was a determining factor in the extermination and submission of chichimecas of the region. The captain Miguel Boiler, been born in Zacatecas, in 1585 it made the first negotiation of peace with the coras, beginning the process of pacification of the Great Chichimeca, process that would finish officially in 1597, reason by which, the villa of San Luis of La Paz would be based on the northeast of Guanajuato. For those moments, chichimecas was worn away, they had learned to get dressed but they did not know to make his clothes and the almost nomadic life prevented them to have insured its sustenance reason why the clothes and the possibility of a place where to be based the base went of the negotiation. In 1598 a peace accord was signed.

In the process of pacification of century XVI, the Jesuits, under the consent and agreement of the viceroy Luis de Velasco, they founded San Luis of La Paz and they today had the favor of Real of Mines of Palmar de Vega (Pozos, Guanajuato); military prisons and Mercedes of cattle around San Miguel settled down, laying the foundations for the future cattle and agricultural properties of the region.

Consequences of the conquest.

When going away completing the conquest of the old mesoamerican territory, the disappointment came to many Spaniards whom waited for a full territory of wealth and fame, but it even lacked much to conquer and in spite of the great opportunity that represented the New Spain, one required of concerted effort and sacrifice.

In all the New Spain, new technologies like the iron and the wheel were introduced, engineering in mines, with them: new varieties of plants, animals, and consequently, bacteria, virus and fungi. The previous thing, added to the export Europe and native product Asia of America, it originated the transformation at world-wide level, sometimes irreversible, of the local ecosystems; more of the times, with unfortunate consequences for the biodiversity of the Planet.

Within the brought exotic species to the new continent they are, among others: rice, wheat, oats, sugar cane, lentils, broad beans, chick-peas, garlic, onions, sesame, orange trees, banana, bovines, sheep, pigs, goat, position hens, chickens of get fat, and with them, new varieties of insects and mites, like lice, ticks, consequently, new bacteria and virus that did not have natural predators or controls for their fast growth, such as: cattle herons, smallpox, syphilis, etc.

The new investigations on the massive death of natives in America, it indicates the following thing to us: The American continent in 1492 counted with 80 million native people (indigenous), of them, 65 million were Hispano-American, approximately half in the South hemisphere. For year 1700, year in which change of family Spanish Corona (Borbón by Hapsburg), the population of natives had been reduced to single 5 million, an average near 400.000 deaths per year. Some investigators have indicated like the causes: The conquest and its psychological impact, the expansion of the cattle ranch and the transformation of the original habitat, Some investigators have indicated like the causes: The conquest and its psychological impact, the expansion of the cattle ranch and the transformation of the original habitat, the works forced towards the natives, the mestizo process and the epidemics. Even so, lack to study and to solve much on the matter.

V. The syncretism in San Miguel.

It is against this background is that is begun to give to the cultural process of the syncretism between the indigenous beliefs and the peninsular ones, in addition to have added the conquest to the new inhabitants of Hispano-America: the Spanish language as language (language romance with its roots Greco - Latin) plus the Arab cultural influence, Jew - Christian and the Roman catholic religion like publicly the official.

In this process of syncretism, it is necessary to understand that in the zone of the Laja River, one counts on a tradition and mesoamerican cultural baggage of more than two thousand years before the arrival of the Spaniards to the north of Guanajuato, from the Chupicuaro tradition, until a chichimeca, passing through the one of the calls prototoltecas. Added to the previous thing, let us remember that the mesoamericans artistic expressions were abstract, expressed ideas artistic, secret floods of symbolisms and languages, where the conquered and conquering natives, to the encounter with the Spaniards, they will show with new catholic forms in expressions of elitist and popular art the expression of the mesoamerican syncretism, first in the New Spain, and later in the Mexican Republic.

This process has been transformed with time into a mixed process of cultural assimilation and natural acculturation. San Miguel Viejo we can observe astronomical monuments of mesoamerican use designed like chapels and other objects of and for the catholic cult. These catholic designs, they are confused with mesoamericans symbols like: the duality, the five corners of the universe, the three levels in which we lived, nocturnal invocations of the duality, monuments in form of cross associated to lightning, rain and superficial water, etc.

In the main facade of the temple of San Miguel Viejo, we can observe the symbolic and abstract representation of: the months of the ritual calendar, the corners of the universe for the day and the night, the mesoamerican symbol of the fertility and the one of the resistance of the mexicanidad. The previous thing, mixed in characteristics renaissance (romanesque and plateresque) designs, remember of the European Renaissance, example of the previous thing is the pointed arc, access to the vestibule.

In this process of syncretism a dynamic phenomenon of gradual reconstruction of the cultural system existed. In him, there are losses, selections, cultural rediscovery and incorporations that prevail in their dynamics until today.

These sacred symbols that have remained by centuries in the unconscious group of people, they add the communities of people: values that are known and recognized in the own rituals, they create identity, they justify the essence of the being in its community and consolidate the social and cultural structure, own of this small sacred and venerated human centers.

San Miguel el Grande, the viceroyalty.

In the second foundation of San Miguel, happened in 1557 by initiative of the viceroy Velasco and evangelize enthusiasm of fray of Bernardo Cossin, around the spring of el Chorro, probably, a sacred site of the chichimecos, that also he was well-known like: Izcuinapan; the consolidation of the villa of Spaniards with its bordering districts of Indians like the one of Guadiana begins, Ojo de Agua (Water eye), Valle del Maíz, etc. This second foundation occurred in the context of the Chichimeca war, the construction and the consolidation of the call Route of the silver, later: Camino Real of Inland.

In the time that was designing the present main Garden of San Miguel, the social and economic center was around the barns and area of commerce of the town, this zone was located around the present civic seat. When the consistorial house was finished in 1736, the seat of the political and ecclesiastical power to the present main seat was transferred, with time, one filled with great mansions and the vestibules were defined orients and the west of this seat.

Like previous reference to the urban evolution of San Miguel, it is possible to mention that in the present territory of the state of Guanajuato, the first founded cities were the following ones: Acámbaro in 1528, Yuririapúndaro, today Yuriria in 1533, By two occasions: 1542 and 1557, San Miguel.

In 1630, the more important guanajuatenses towns were the following ones: like villas of Spaniards: Guanajuato, Leon, Silao, Irapuato, Salamanca, San Miguel Grande and Celaya.

Like indigenous towns: Cuicillo and San Miguel (in the present city of Leon), San Francisco of the Corner, Pénjamo, Numarán, Sumbilla, Yuriria, Apaseo, Tiristarán, San Miguel el Grande, San Nicholas Maravatío, Irámuco, Eménguaro, Guacindeo, Acámbaro, Xerécuaro, Tarimoro, Coroneo, Puruaga, Aguascalientes (near the present Apaseo el Alto). Between: Chamacuero and Celaya: San José, San Miguel and San Juan.

The Indians of workings were located around: Guanajuato, Irapuato, Maravatío, Chamacuelo, Santiago Neutla, Apaseo and San Miguel el Grande.

At those moment, the present state of Guanajuato belonged to the diocese of Michoacán, with seat in Valladolid (today Morelia) and it was in Pátzcuaro and Uruapan, were manufactured, Christs, virgins and saints with maize cane maize cane paste (tied without leaves, polished and covered with stucco and kneaded with orchid juice, nopales or cactus flat leaves and lemons), many of these, with characteristics and spirit of the mesoamericans natives.

Considering the proposal of Karl Jüng, about the pattern primigenio with which the towns have forged their religious processes and events through the creation of myths and rituals that are reinforced to each other, and deciphered towards the religiousness in the daily life in the proposal of Joseph Campbell, or interpreted for mesoamericans myths by Alfredo Lopez Austin, we can understand many of the popular manifestations that happen in San Miguel de Allende and their environs like expression of the syncretism of traditions: Jew - Christian, Greco - Latin, and Arabs - Moorish, with the great cultural affluent that represents the mesoamerican culture with more than two thousand five hundred years of existence and transformation.

Nowadays, there is who discovers in some maize cane sculptures, the face and skin of the jaguar, nahualli of nocturnal Venus, associated with Xólotl - Tezcatlipoca, others recognize the three pens, symbol of the resistance and conquers of the spirit of the mexicanidad, Saints like San Isidro the farmer and San Juan, associated to rains and fertility; The celebrations of Señor San Miguel, like marker between the passage of the fertile duality to the drought, etc.

Although, these knowledge are continued transmitting of voice, in a confidence process that is tiled and obtains slow, to the passage of decades; the syncretism rituals of the popular celebrations of the region of the old San Miguel el Grande one, they are: identity events, regeneration of the tradition, voice of the districts and rural communities that refuses to lose their sense of property to the community, generated through rituals where the soul, the mind and the body agree in the local liturgies that arise from the cultural currents that are and they become one in the Mexican syncretism.

With the passage of more 465 years, from the foundation of San Miguel by the Spaniards, the local cultural syncretism has masked in the styles and political ways, economic, social, cultural and until ecological that they are reflected in the architectonic styles that prevail in the own San Miguel de Allende or Guanajuato City. For example, the temple of the Company of Jesus, in capital Guanajuato, it shows in its architecture the stylistic proposals: Renaissance, baroque, neoclassic and until eclectic (in its cupola).

In San Miguel de Allende, we can observe of the architecture with Renaissance reminiscences, that they speak to us of the first days of the Spanish domination, espadañas or bell towers done in vertical walls, these, they are common in some churches of San Miguel de Allende, like the following ones: temple of Guadalupe in the chapel of the Dominican school Institute Las Casas, or, the Franciscan temple of the Third order to a flank of the one of San Francisco.

As far as the manifestation of the architecture baroque, promoted by the real family of the Hapsburg and that as much association had the mesoamerican spirit to decorate profusely facades and surfaces of buildings with symbols masked in a game of resistances between: volumes and flat surfaces, air lines and curved, brightness and shades, colorful in tones clear pies and, with elements filled with optical and symbolic illusions; we have the plants of most of the catholic temples, some facades like the one of the temple of San Francisco, The Health, or the Oratorio.

Unfortunately, more for political reasons than aesthetic, many altarpieces, painting mural and scenery of walls of baroque style, the interior and outside of the catholic temples were lost of, being replaced by altarpieces in wood and quarry of neoclassic type and by sober painting, using the target in most of the times.

The neoclassic style, it was mainly a symbol of the new dominated political times under the Borbón family, when assuming Spanish Corona: Felipe V of Borbón (grandson of Luis XIV, king of France), replacing, in 1700, to last Hapsburg emperor: Carlos II the enchanted one, who no longer could have descendants and died laboriously, as resulting from long endogamous marriages in those courts. Even so, in San Miguel we can observe great neoclassic works, like: the bell tower of the temple of San Francisco or the palace of the Counts of the Channel.

Century XIX in San Miguel de Allende.

At the end of the viceroyalty, that non colony perhaps (reason why the term of virreinal architecture had to prevail over the one of colonial architecture), during the fight between the Masonic factions developed in century XIX and showed politically in the parties liberal and preservative next to the influences of the United States, on the one hand and of France and England by the other, the eclectic style in some constructions took place, like: the facade of the Parish, the tower of the clock, or the cupola of the temple of the Nuns, works of Don Zeferino Gutiérrez, inspired, and sometimes, almost copied completely from postal of the Cathedral of Colony, in Germany, the Big Ben of London, or the cupola of Less Invalides in París.

By the same, to affirm that the architecture or style of San Miguel de Allende is colonial or that its religiosity is prevailing catholic, it would be to deny the complexes three hundred years of the Spanish domination, from the first 20, of the first and second hearings and following the 280 years of viceroyalty, it would be not to mainly recognize the drama of tragic century XIX and, the years of mesoamerican culture, that until today, they follow presents in the popular manifestations, and until daily of that we inhabited San Miguel de Allende, the north of Guanajuato and the territories that were Mesoamérica and its border with the great Chichimeca in century XVI.

The Post - revolution edge.

At the end of the Mexican Revolution, in Mexico, after 400 years, the mesoamerican culture was revalued, and somehow, it was begun to globalization the importance of her in the context of the continent and the planet.

Almost parallel, with the foundation of the first school of arts in San Miguel de Allende in 1938, by the Peruvian Felipe Cosío del Pomar and the American Sterling Dickinson, in cloister of the convent of Las Monjas (the nuns), the presence of foreigners and strangers, it promoted involuntarily, at least two great anthropological phenomena: promoting the local traditions revalued and the tolerance wing coexistence with strangers and foreigners.

The contemporary syncretism.

In that context, traditions like the one of the Señor (Master) de la Conquista, yuntas, dance of concheros and market gardeners, they have been become rich with an endless number of rescued rituals, stood out or promoted in last half of century XX, like those of Water Eye, Valle del maíz (Valley of the Corn), Guadiana, San Jose del Obraje, etc. For many, nowadays it is easier to observe similar symbolic answers between different religious traditions, as the crossings, the use of mirrors, color, candles, lights, floral fragrances, redecorated fixed altars, domiciliary altars reinvented year with year, the strident and cathartic celebration of the crazy people, inns, day of the Virgin of the Candelas (or de la Luz), etc.

Of more natural way and perhaps with greater identity and veneration towards the images and bores, in the countryside the syncretism between the forms is observed with greater evidence I pretend Catholics and the masked symbolism mesoamerican, as much in the forms as in the rituals and myths. A synthesis of the previous thing constitutes racially mixed instruments as the shells of armadillo or traditions as the same tradition of the dance of concheros in the catholic vestibules and their design of cruise of five points in the co noticed celebrations more of this dance.

But perhaps the most sacred symbol, venerated and syncretism it constitutes the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe and myths and rituals around her, from the new massive manifestations around the new sanctity of San Juan Diego to the symbolic image that greater identity generates between the Mexicans, Latin American or its descendants beyond the borders, since it they have been artistic manifestations and until of promotion of the rights of the working emigrants in the main cities of the United States and that in April and May of this year of the 2006 they have emerged like an ethnic group that shares more than common symbols.

In this image sacred in different religious traditions in Mexico, Latin America and the world, the myths and rituals recreate in sacred rituals with foundations, theological or of Mexican theogony, creating in the unconscious group of most of Mexican the preponderant syncretism symbol of the spirit of Mexico. Nowadays, the acculturation phenomenon that occurs in San Miguel de Allende and their environs, it reaches its climax in the festivities of Mr. San Miguel in the month of September. In this celebration, that from its review, until its culmination it mobilizes to thousands of people in tens of communities of the north of Guanajuato, neighbors of the Laja river and districts of San Miguel de Allende are an alive expression of the local identity in throne to myths and rituals that give sense us of communitarian property, already in the popular collective unconscious, or even, in the different ritual expressions according to the diverse socio - economics classes or even, ethnic groups.

This popular celebration, during last the thirty years it has undergone a process of important acculturation in its rituals and even its myths, yes we have it velación (spend the night) and elaboration of the xúchiles, it is bound to a process of greater participation and sometimes, of financing not so disinterested or free of political and economic interests. Around the extraction of teaspoon, it is increased the conscience about the care of the ecosystem and more rational use of this plant, in order to avoid that it follows threatened its existence and the one of other alive species of the central high plateau and the north.

In recent years, the acculturation is pronounced in Hispanic dances of other regions of the Mexican Republic, some of them, promoted by communities of resident natives in San Miguel de Allende, like part of a local migratory phenomenon, attracted by the opportunity to sell crafts in this tourist site, so it is the case of the totonacos natives that year after year participate in this mythical celebration - ritual, following the rituals local, as it is it the encounter in the Cross of the quarter and its later procession and dance towards the Parish to culminate with his well-known liturgical dance like the voladores of Papantla.

In this process of acculturation, also we have the ethylic ritual - commercial, typical of the this one Mexican consumer society, known like the sanmiguelada.

Parallel, to other rituals related to the myth creation on the part of the political class and some of the companies related to the bars occur, brewers, bars, restaurants, hotels and promoters of events, that they go from: races of waiters, the installation of mechanical games, roundups, dances, coronation of queens and princess of the celebrations, parades of allegorical cars; until almost total the implicit permission on the part of the local state, federals authorities, to turn to the historical center of San Miguel de Allende, in a hysteric cavern that presents a public bar, including the baths, in its streets, seats and public parks.

The previous thing occurs before I embarrass of the local people that remain in the city and the condescending of governors and participant business people, one doubles moral with reminiscence of the privileged classes of the viceroyalty times, where these take from hostage to the majority to save their interests of promotion and to be able economic politician and from promoting the sanmiguelada one towards the young tourism that comes from the main cities bordering to San Miguel de Allende, between 400 and 500 Kms; Monterrey, Tower, San Luis Potosí, Aguascalientes, Leon, Guadalajara, Morelia, Toluca, México and Querétaro, in addition to those of Guanajuato.
New myths, new rituals for the control of masses and great benefits to small groups, reflection of the primitive model of dominion (economic - politician) of the tribe on the part of the governing clan, that fortunately, by the rudimentary grotesque and of the event, it cannot last more of a weekend. Of course, a exuberates and strident endless number of celebrations and popular manifestations exist as are it those of the crazy people, carnival, and the one of Mr. San Miguel, but also other processes of identity occur related to the field or the sports, beautiful arts, artisan, social, etc.

All of them simultaneously occur in San Miguel de Allende and the North of Guanajuato, in a unique and complex context that marks to the personality of which we inhabited this region, and where, of one or another form, the cultural inheritance is manifest Greco - Latin, Arab - Moorish, Jew - Christian, recently, the consumerist, according to the United States model and, of course, the millenarian inheritance of Mesoamérica.

To recognize the complexity of the local context in this time and space, including the political circumstances, economic, social, ecological and cultural, it is a necessity to understand better the wealth and threats of this exceptional place, to experience this complex one, multiethnic and contrast society of San Miguel de Allende, with an open and tolerant attitude to the cultural diversity, and participation with the society is a great advance towards one better coexistence in this unique space of Mexico.

Mesoamérica, it is one of the fundamental keys in the understanding and experience of life of which we inhabited this region, to participate in its knowledge and recognition in the daily life of the San Miguel de Allende´s people our perception for the greater delight and joy of our hours, days and years in San Miguel de Allende.